Ablution facilities The wudu ("ablution") area, where Muslims wash their hands, forearm, face and feet before they pray. Example from the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan

According to early Muslim historians, towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims were allowed to retain their churches and the towns captured by Muslims had many of their churches converted to mosques. [45] One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus. Overall, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Al-Waleed's father) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques. [46] Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-034-5. The process of turning churches into mosques were especially intensive in the villages where most of the inhabitants converted to Islam. [ citation needed] The Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun turned many churches into mosques. Ottoman Turks converted nearly all churches, monasteries, and chapels in Constantinople, including the famous Hagia Sophia, into mosques immediately after capturing the city in 1453. In some instances mosques have been established on the places of Jewish or Christian sanctuaries associated with Biblical personalities who were also recognized by Islam. [47] Charity". Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on February 5, 2006 . Retrieved April 17, 2006.Muslim Southeast Asia/Malay Realm [ edit ] Songkok, kopiah or peci has been traditionally worn by Muslim men in Southeast Asia, as shown here during prayer. a b Palmer, A. L. (2016-05-26). Historical Dictionary of Architecture (2nded.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp.185–236. ISBN 978-1-4422-6309-3. The resilience and ordinariness of Australian Muslims: Attitudes and experiences of Muslims Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-29. Longhurst, Christopher E; Theology of a Mosque: The Sacred Inspiring Form, Function and Design in Islamic Architecture, Lonaard Journal. Mar 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p3-13. 11p. "Since submission to God is the essence of divine worship, the place of worship is intrinsic to Islam's self-identity. This 'place' is not a building per se but what is evidenced by the etymology of the word 'mosque' which derives from the Arabic 'masjid' meaning 'a place of sujud (prostration).'

Regions [ edit ] Central Asia [ edit ] A Tajik guitar player wearing a rug cap A Uyghur girl in a such cap Wearing such cap by Tatars women See also: Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques, List of former mosques in Spain, and List of former mosques in Portugal The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453Kuban, Doğan (1974). The Mosque and Its Early Development. Iconography of Religions: Islam. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004038134.

Lewis, Bernard (1993). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9217-4. Elleh, Nnamdi (2002). Architecture and Power in Africa. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275976798.

Grabar, Oleg (1969). "The Architecture of the Middle Eastern City from Past to Present: The Case of the Mosque". In Lapidus, Ira M. (ed.). Middle Eastern Cities. University of California Press. pp.26–46. doi: 10.1525/9780520323803-005. ISBN 9780520323803. Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. [98] According to the Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor. [98] An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; Muslim scholars agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well. [98]